Emergency Cases

Adult - Shock


Shock is defined physiologically as inadequate delivery of substrates and oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues. Symptoms include weak or absent pulses; lethargy, weakness, a sense of malaise, decreased urine output, fussiness, cold, blue extremities; and a gray or mottled appearance are generally easily recognized. Shock can damage any and all tissues and organ systems in the body. Delay in recognizing and quickly treating a state of shock results in a progression from compensated reversible shock to widespread multiple system organ failure to death. Morbidity may be widespread and can include renal failure, brain damage, hepatic failure, metabolic derangements, diffuse intravascular coagulation.

Causes of shock:

  • Trauma
  • Surgery
  • GI bleeding
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Burns
  • Sepsis – severe infection
  • Heart disease
  • Poisoning
  • Severe allergic reaction

First aid to patient:

  • Seek medical advice immediately
  • Keep the patient warm and comfortable
  • Let the patient lie down on his or her back with feet higher than the head. If raising the legs will cause pain or further injury, keep him or her flat
  • Turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking if the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth
  • Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)